Explore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigate - Essay Example Every part contains seven to eight choices that current subjects in various edges and diverse beneficial encounters. This work is for the most part centered around showing one of the sections, Prejudice and segregation. The primary motivation behind this article is to represent how various writers, in their papers, expounded on partiality and segregation. These papers start from different sources, for example, books, papers, the web and magazines. Because of this variety, these papers fluctuate in style, reason and tone. Hence, the point of this article is to relate various thoughts of the writers concerning their assessment on the topic by contrasting their differing styles, tone and reason. In the examination of the article, â€Å"The Word Police† composed by Michiko Kakutani, the writer utilizes definitions, models and representations to help contention that language is on the edge of ludicrousness in light of the fact that individuals conceal their actual characters and di sparities with code words. He likewise expresses that because of code word, individuals are probably going to occupy their fixation from the primary issues of bias and separation or shamefulness in the network. ... Moreover, she utilized mockery in redesigning words like, Superman and Miss so as to demonstrate her antipathy for politically right development. Kakutani characterized Political Correctness as a disclosure of an all the more just and comprehensive network whereby sexism, bigotry and bias of the sum total of what sorts have been eradicated (Katherine 367-368). She further guaranteed that Political Correctness had a decent purpose however the strategies utilized by its activists to achieve their objectives were excessively extraordinary. This exposition of Kakutani, â€Å"The Word Police† is a reviving perception of a truly world policed by the P.C. (Politically Correct). She basically jabbed the endeavors of the P.C. police, for example, Maggio Rosalie the creator of s Dictionary of nondiscriminatory language and The Bias-Free World Finder. During her counterfeit, she for the most part stressed that the P.C. police endeavors were over misrepresented. As indicated by her, the e xorbitant distortion of the P.C. contributed in muddling words along these lines weakening the message. From this paper, we can discover that responsibility can be viewed as an advantageous instrument for the people who bend over backward to better themselves. Hence, the P.C. police endeavors ought to be condemned and cheered because of rebuffing of numerous residents submitting to language and for their astuteness and assurance to improved language essentially for comprehensiveness separately. Lakota Woman is another paper composed by Mary Crow Dog that discussions about partiality and segregation. Lakota lady is an autobiographic book of Mary Crow who was an Indian American lady. In this book, she recounts to an amazing narrative as an Indian American in the network of the white Americans. Mary

Accounting Information System and Special Journals

The guideline of interior control infringement is partition of obligations. The individual that records the approaching money receipts ought not be a similar individual that is presenting the client installments on their records. My suggestion to the business would be that they have one individual chronicle the Incoming money receipts, and they ought to relegate another worker to assume control over presenting the client installments on the privilege accounts.This will guarantee that installments will get presented on the correct records, and decrease mistakes. 2. The rule of Internal control infringement Is foundation of obligation. Jeff is the overseer of the unimportant money store, and he ought to be the just a single answerable for that trivial money support. My proposal for the organization would be for another frivolous money store to be built up for Jose when he Is expected to fill In as overseer. This will guarantee that If something ought to occur with that insignificant mo ney subsidize, Jeff won't be considered liable for Joke's mistakes.Therefore, If Jose commits an error as caretaker of his own trivial money finance, he will be the one considered capable. 3. The rule of inward control infringement is applying innovative not a useful for an organization to store everything in a similar spot. My suggestion would be for the organization to have all the records upheld up around evening time obviously, and demand Nadine to take the tape home with her consistently. That way is something lamentable occurred without any forethought she can recoup all records with the reinforcement tape she has brought home. The standard of inner control infringement is performing customary and autonomous surveys. An ordinary and autonomous audit ought to consistently be done whether a representative is or not meeting all Job necessities to good. My suggestion is for the chief's to promptly begin customary and autonomous audits. This will guarantee that all workers will kee p on carrying out their Responsibility viable and effectively consistently. 5. The standard of inward control infringement is to protect resources and bond key representatives.

By the time Macbeth murders Duncan Essay

‘By the time Macbeth murders Duncan, he has just lost the fight for his soul’. Talk about this announcement and analyze the variables which lead to his choice to murder the ruler. It is the point of this exposition to assess and decide the legitimacy of the above articulation. I will analyze the variables which lead to Macbeth’s choice to murder the lord. The definition for a person’s soul is the otherworldly piece of them that should proceed after their body is dead. Individuals additionally use ‘soul’ to allude to a person’s mind, character, considerations and sentiments. ‘The fight for his soul’ speaks to whether this individual submits to great or fiendishness. The components that I will take a gander at specifically while thinking about what drove Macbeth to submit the homicide, are the witches and Lady Macbeth. The play starts with the witches who present Macbeth by saying they will meet him. ‘There to meet with Macbeth’. This is a successful method to begin the play, as individuals were offbeat at that point. They had faith in witches and they accepted they were shrewd. One individual who was extremely careful and inquisitive about such issues was James I and Shakespeare had composed this play for him. The black powder plot occurred the earlier year and James I was, subsequently, delicate and worried about future death endeavors. Shakespeare was composing for a crowd of people who were transcendently Christian and who had confidence in paradise and damnation; the manner in which somebody carried on earth would choose what befell them when they passed on. The spirit is significant in this play and this is the reason ‘Macbeth’ may have been famous as individuals were keen on these things. In the event that somebody lost their spirit, they would be lost to God and would be sentenced to hellfire forever. Macbeth jabbers about this in his sensational monologs. Duncan was a decent legitimate lord who had sat idle however treat Macbeth as an old buddy. Duncan calls him ‘worthiest cousin’, which proposes the closeness of their relationship. Duncan is appreciative for Macbeth’s boldness in fight. He says, ‘I have started to plant thee and will work, to make thee brimming with growing†. Duncan is stating he will successfully compensate him for being so fearless. Duncan is a generally excellent individual, Macbeth says, â€Å"Duncan hath borne his resources so docile hath been so clear in his incredible office that his excellencies will argue like angel†. Macbeth realizes that he was acceptable he despite everything killed him. Consequently is no reason for what he has done. The King is Macbeth’s visitor so he ought to secure him, not assault him. There are various responses from Macbeth and Banquo to the witches’ forecasts. Banquo accepts that Macbeth will become lord since he has just become Thane of Cawdor, similarly as the witches had anticipated. He believes that it is extremely weird how the witches are helping them. Moreover, he accepts the witches will be thoughtful to them and have their trust just to deceive them later. He is unmistakably astonished and stays doubtful concerning their expectations. The diverse response by Macbeth is evident when he is stunned from the outset in the wake of hearing what the witches need to state. He genuinely accepts that he will become ruler as two of the forecasts have demonstrated exact. Things can just show signs of improvement for Macbeth, or so he accepts. Macbeth’s assessment of the witches stays unsure and he doesn't generally have the foggiest idea what to think about the ‘weird sisters’. There are clashing convictions that he has. Initially, he accepts they are bad, however on the off chance that they were awful for what reason did they give him such achievement? It appears that he is starting to believe the witches when he considers the achievement that they have given to him. Banquo, then again, in a flash questions them and accepts ‘†¦to win us to our mischief, the instruments of haziness let us know truths’. When Lady Macbeth gets Macbeth’s letter about the witch’s forecasts she starts to design the homicide: ‘Come, you spirits that tend on mortal musings, unsex me here and fill me from the crow to the toe top loaded with direst cruelty.’ She needs to be loaded up with pitilessness and needs underhanded spirits to forces her. She needs to lose her gentility and become masculine so she is equipped for the best mercilessness. She would like to lose her spirit so she doesn't feel remorseful. The variables that lead Macbeth to execute the lord are the witches, Lady Macbeth and his own character. The witches drove Macbeth to the homicide when they welcomed him and said ‘All hail Macbeth, that will be above all else hereafter.’ In the hour of the play it was accepted that witches could take wicked ownership of individuals and cause them to do what they needed. Macbeth sees a knife not long before the homicide of Duncan. A few people may state that the witches put the picture before him to drive him into killing. In any case, Act 1, scene 1 proposes that there are cutoff points to the witch’s powers; they can't murder. They talk about a woman who didn't give them nuts so they need to recover her, and furthermore her significant other who is on a pontoon. ‘I’ll give thee wind.’ ‘I’ll channel him as dry as feed. They express numerous things that they will do to him however they don't make reference to executing him and this demonstrates passing isn't in their capacity. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a decent relationship, they appear to jump on incredibly well together and when they are separated they miss one another. Later in the play Lady Macbeth starts to take control and turns out to be somewhat predominant. She can convince him to do anything. Macbeth concluded that he would not like to proceed with the homicide however Lady Macbeth talked him into it by considering him a quitter and utilizing brutal words. ‘And live a weakling in thine own self esteem’. She says this after Macbeth will not continue any further with the homicide. She is provoking and mortifying him. At the point when Macbeth convinces himself not to submit the homicide, ‘We will continue no further in this business,’ Lady Macbeth makes him adjust his perspective by considering him a ‘coward’. She lets him know, ‘When you durst do it, at that point you were a man’. The suggestion being that he is done acting like a man. She discloses to him that in the event that he breaks this guarantee, he will break every single other guarantee including those made to her, ‘Such I account thy love’. All things considered, she asserts that she would prefer to run out the cerebrums of an infant at that point break such a guarantee. Shakespeare uses incredibly solid symbolism to underline exactly how significant it is for her. In Macbeth’s emotional monolog he gives numerous reasons regarding why he wouldn't like to proceed with the homicide. Numerous musings are going through his mind, for example, the dread of Duncan returning as something terrible in his next life. Moreover, he thinks something terrible will occur on the off chance that he proceeds with it. ‘To plague th’ innovator. This fair Justice’ He is conflicting with the deed of slaughtering the ruler. ‘Strong both against the deed: at that point, as his host’. He is a brother, along these lines he can not execute someone on a similar side as him and this proposes it isn't care for him at all and he wouldn't like to end his life. At the point when Lady Macbeth enters he doesn't reveal to her these reasons however gives various ones out and out. He says the ruler has been respecting him as of late and individuals have high assessments of him. Therefore, he needs to stay mainstream with individuals. Macbeth must slaughter Duncan so he can be above all else and have his spot. The witches revealed to him that he would be above all else, however not really by killing him. At first the homicide has been concocted totally by Macbeth and not suggested by any other individual. As Macbeth states, ‘If chance will make them ruler, why chance me crown me, without stir’. He is stating that on the off chance that he becomes ruler that is acceptable yet he will do nothing to make himself lord. As he concedes, his solitary thought process in the slaughtering is ‘Vaulting ambition’. I will presently consider the idea of Macbeth’s sin. The wrongdoing that has been submitted is genuinely detestable, however I don't accept that Macbeth is essentially shrewd. The way that Macbeth accepts that he will never be excused shows he is truly sorry. The main explanation Duncan was killed was for Macbeth’s individual addition. Macbeth had no genuine motivation to murder him, as the lord was a dear companion. There are numerous reasons that recommend that Macbeth ought to never be excused for this. The homicide was without a second thought and it had been arranged and not submitted seemingly out of the blue. Macbeth would not like to proceed with it yet Lady Macbeth initiated him to do as such. This is the reason I trust Macbeth isn't underhanded in light of the fact that he was headed to it. After the homicide the men of the hour were spread with blood to cause it to appear as though they had submitted the homicide. Toward the beginning of the day Macbeth murders them also imagining that he has carried on of ‘violent love’ for Duncan. He does this to get himself in the clear and to stay away from doubt. Thusly, the men of the hour can't deny submitting the homicide. Macbeth has executed the lord. At that point, there was a conviction that rulers were gotten onto the royal position through God’s power (divine right) thus an assault on the king’s power was viewed as acting against God’s wishes. This is the explanation behind him to take a hike as God has abandoned him. Macbeth says, â€Å"He’s here in twofold trust: first, as I am his brother and his subject, solid both against the deed; at that point as his host, who ought to against his killer shut the entryway, Not tolerate the blade myself.† Macbeth realizes that what he has done isn't right as he ought to be taking care of his visitor. After the homicide, Macbeth can't state the word ‘Amen’, â€Å"But wherefore would I be able to articulate ‘Amen’ I had most need of gift and ‘Amen'†. He feels that God has abandoned

Godards Breathless Essay Questions - 1553 Words

Vanishree Gandhi Godard’s Breathless 4. In a world where there are no ultimate reasons for action, how does Michel find freedom to act and to live creatively? Why does Patricia, who shares Michel’s nihilistic world-view, draw the opposite conclusion from it? Why is she only capable of negative freedom expressed as independence in the course of the film? In the movie Breathless, written and produced by Jean-Luc Godard, is a French film about a thief named Michel Poiccard, who spends his time in Paris persuading his girlfriend to flea with him to Italy while being chased by French Police for killing a cop. Through this essay I explain my claim the Michel and his lover, Patricia represents the two types of individuals philosopher Friedrich†¦show more content†¦Goddard supplies us with many clues to convey this; firstly is here appearance, since she has the popular and socially accepted long hair and ELLE beauty magazine lying her bed. She also has pictures of actresses taped to her dresser, which indicates her envy for an outward persona that flourishes in society. Secondly, when Michel if she is still following her dream to be an actress ‘in the movies’ she responds, â€Å"No. You gotta sleep around.†, which shows her unconscious actions to follow society conventions that condemn female promiscuity and thu s give up her dream, rather than to sleep around in order to follow her own dreams. Lastly, on a wall in her room she had begun spelling out the French word ‘Pourquoi?’ which means ‘why?’ but did not complete it. This is Goddard’s largest clue; while she is aware that the basis of her actions, and thus her morality, is questionable, she is not motivated to search for the answer, just as most people who live by societal conventions. Nietzsche suggest the alternate path of morality based on faith in oneself. ‘One could conceive of such a pleasure and power of self-determination, such as a freedom of will’. To go down this path, one must become aware that their actions can be their own, rather than in accordance with faith in God. In the movie, for example, while in a taxi on the way to Patricia’s office (The New York Herald Tribune), Michel and

Women In Films User Or Victim Essay - 1452 Words

Women in Films: User or Victim? Women in Films: User or Victim? Designed to prove that a woman can be anybody she desires to be, the legendary film, Evita, is now shown to millions of movie viewers. Alan Parker=s Evita is a reflection of the much-publicized images of two popular self-made heroines of different era, Evita and Madonna. The discussion of this essay will show us how these ladies got far and revered once by their followers. The life of Evita Peron is almost like a dramatization of a romantic fiction, about the tale of a young and poor illegitimate girl, who escapes the cruelty and poverty of her hometown, and Aflees to the big city to become a movie star, fights her way to the top through succession of men,†¦show more content†¦But this sight did not discourage Eva, and she went on to become a film and radio performer. Although Evita had the glamour and talent to become successful, she was also aware of the Acrushing limitations imposed upon Argentinean women of relentless male chauvinism. It was the men who had the freedom and earned the money to use it@(25). But Evita was determined not to be a victim, she instead, use men as a stepping stone to her success as she did to Augustine Magaldi to escape out of her hometown. In the film, Evita, Alan Parker portrays Madonna as if it was meant for her to be born to portray the role. Significantly indeed, Madonna=s life is almost a replica of Evita=s life: a rags-to-riches tale in which Aearly personal loss is a motivating factor, and in which, once success is achieved, ruthless will is deployed to sustain it@ (163). Madonna=a childhood background resembles Evita=s in many ways. Both came from a working-class background, both lost a parent at an early age (Evita=s father and Madonna=s mother), and both ladies were impoverished as little girls. Evita=s fight for success made her a role model to Madonna, admiring the way she overcame her loss in early life. Despite all hurdles, Evita used her early tragic experience as a motivating factor to seek what life has denied her. Madonna, on the other hand, also used her own childhood loss and fears as springboards to personalShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Pornography On The Individual1626 Words   |  7 Pagesall t hree groups. I could spend a lot of time and effort talking about why it’s harmful to those who create it (those who are exploited in the creating of it), and I could also talk about the third category of harm, which is the objectification of women, or people. However, my argument is going to zoom in solely on its harmful effects on the people viewing it. One of the main issues with pornography is its addictive effect on the brain. 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Platos Theory of Knowledge Essay - 918 Words

Platos Theory of Knowledge Platos Theory of Knowledge is very interesting. He expresses this theory with three approaches: his allegory of The Cave, his metaphor of the Divided Line and his doctrine The Forms. Each theory is interconnected; one could not be without the other. Here we will explore how one relates to the other. In The Cave, Plato describes a vision of shackled prisoners seated in a dark cave facing the wall. Chained also by their necks, the prisoners can only look forward and see only shadows, These shadows are produced by men, with shapes of objects or men, walking in front of a fire behind the prisoners. Plato states that for the prisoners, reality is only the mere shadows thrown onto the wall.†¦show more content†¦Plato considered shadows, art and poetry, especially rhetoric, deceptive illusions, what you see is not necessarily what you get. With poetry and rhetoric you may be able to read the words but you may not understand the real meaning. For example, take, again, the shadow. If you know a shadow is something real then you are beyond the state of imagination which implies that a person is unaware of observation and amounts to illusion and ignorance. Belief is the next stage of developing knowledge. Plato goes with the idea that seeing really is not always believin g we have a strong conviction for what we see but not with absolute certainty. This stage is more advanced than imagining because its based more firmly on reality. But just because we can actually see the object and not just its shadow doesnt mean we know all there is to know about the object. In the next stage, Thinking, we leave the visible world and move into the intelligible world which, Plato claims, is seen mostly in scientists. It stands for the power of the mind to take properties from a visible object and applying them. Thinking is the visible object but also the hypotheses, A truth which is taken as self-evident but which depends upon some higher truth. Plato wants us to see all things as they really are so we can see that all is inter-connected. ButShow MoreRelatedPlatos Theory of Knowledge2524 Words   |  11 PagesPlatos Theory of Knowledge What appears to be so to me is true for me, and what appears to be so to you is true for you. It follows that everyone’s perceptions are equally true. This of course is the extreme form of relativism that Protagoras claims when he asserts that man is the measure of all things in regards to truth. It seems that if all perceptions (e.g. judgments and beliefs) are equally true, there can be no room for expertise. But what is Protagoras to say of our natural inclination thatRead MoreEssay on Platos Theory of Knowledge2731 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"If the truth of all things always existed in the soul, then the soul is immortal† (The Philosophical Journey 89). This states that since the soul has all knowledge integrated, one recollects this knowledge through situations in an individual’s life and use one’s reasoning. With the dialogues of the Meno and Phaedo, Plato discusses the ideas of recollection and immortality of the soul in general. As well, the Repu blic, through the three different situations shown, Plato shows the ideas of the formsRead MorePlatos Theory of Human Knowledge Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesPlatos Theory of Human Knowledge Plato contended that all true knowledge is recollection. He stated that we all have innate knowledge that tells us about the things we experience in our world. This knowledge, Plato believed, was gained when the soul resided in the invisible realm, the realm of The Forms and The Good. Platos theory of The Forms argued that everything in the natural world is representative of the ideal of that form. 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President Jimmy Carter and The Panama Canal Treaties free essay sample

The paper talks about the Panama Canal Treaties, why they are important to the U.S. and how we benefit from them. It further examines how President Carter was able to influence the Senate and the American people to get them to support two treaties. On September 7, 1977 President Jimmy Carter signed two treaties with Panamanian General Omar Torrijos. The first treaty, known as The Panama Canal Treaty, provided for the slow transfer of the canal and Canal Zone to Panama by December 31, 1999. Both nations under this treaty would work together to make sure that the canal operated efficiently and uninterrupted. The second treaty, known as the Neutrality Treaty, dealt with permanent neutrality and operation of the canal. Critics of The Panama Canal treaty argued that the treaty does not mention what military action the United States can take if the canal was threatened. They also argued that the Neutrality Treaty does not contain a cause for U. We will write a custom essay sample on President Jimmy Carter and The Panama Canal Treaties or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. and Panamanian joint defense. Before the treaty became law it faced a tough battle for passage in the Senate.

Brand Equity Restoration and Advertising Evolution free essay sample

This case was written by Professor Michele Greenwald, Visiting Professor of Marketing at HEC Paris, for use with Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective – 7th edition by George E. Belch and Michael A. Belch. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case was compiled from published sources and interviews with executives at IBM and Ogilvy Mather. Introduction During the 1970s and ‘80s, IBM was one of the most successful companies in the world. The company had experienced strong growth in both revenue and profits and had a virtual stranglehold on the market for mainframe computers. In fact the company was often referred to as â€Å"Big Blue,† a nickname derived from its massive blue mainframe computers. For four consecutive years in the 1980s, IBM held the top spot in Fortune magazine’s annual list of the most admired companies in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Equity Restoration and Advertising Evolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, by 1993 the quintessential â€Å"Blue Chip† company had reached its nadir. Over the three previous years, IBM had lost a total of $15 billion and its stock price was at an 18-year low. The brand had fallen below number 250 in Interbrand’s annual survey of the most valued brands with a brand value, estimated at a negative $50 million dollars. The explosive growth of personal computer networks threatened IBM’s lucrative mainframe and minicomputer business and the company was struggling to turn the situation around. In the late 1980’s and early 90’s, the drivers of innovation nd change in information technology were smaller, nimble companies like Microsoft, Compaq, Dell, Oracle and others who offered less expensive systems than IBM that could basically accomplish the same tasks. IBM had fallen behind in technology as its top management stubbornly clung to the notion that traditional mainframes, which had been the company’s primary strength, would maintain their dominant position in the marketplace. Compounding the problem was the fact that IBM had become a bloated and inefficient bureaucracy that had lost touch with its customers and had a risk-averse culture relative to its competitors. An image on the cover of Fortune magazine in the early 1990’s depicted IBM as a dinosaur. The situation had become so serious that the board of directors considered breaking up IBM into several companies that would be better able to compete in emerging technology markets against the smaller, more nimble players that were gaining ground at IBM’s expense. In April 1993, Lou Gerstner became the new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IBM and was given the task of turning around the company. Gerstner was a former McKinsey consultant who had built his reputation through senior assignments at American Express and RJR Nabisco. Although not known as a technophile, he started by speaking with customers, large and small, around the world to gain an understanding of their needs and how they perceived IBM. Based on their feedback, Gerstner came to the conclusion that IBM was worth more in the long run as a whole, rather than as disparate pieces. He envisioned a three-legged company that, with offerings of software, hardware and consulting services, could synergistically leverage its strengths to solve specific problems that would improve their customers’ performance and business results. Gerstner brought on board Abby Kohnstamm who had worked well with him at American Express. Together, they made a radical move by consolidating all IBM advertising creative work worldwide with one agency – Oglivy Mather. Prior to the consolidation, IBM’s advertising was handled by a network of approximately 40 different agencies around the globe. However, IBM’s top management felt the company was projecting too many images with its advertising divided among so many agencies. They decided that by consolidating all of its advertising with one agency, IBM would be able to present a single brand identity around the world. Chris Wall, worldwide creative head of the IBM account for Ogilvy Mather, noted that: â€Å"It was a massive consolidation job of a very complex brand in a very complex category. The challenge for Ogilvy was to take a brand with heritage from the past and bring it to the present: taking what was good and truthful, and infusing it with a modern voice. We have taken a very complex topic in an environment of constant change, in which the products evolve but are not quite new products you cant show and often cant demonstrate. Our challenge has been to keep the IBM brand fresh, interesting and topical because at the end of the day what youre selling is trust. † The consolidation followed a reorganization and change in IBM’s business and communications strategy that was initiated by Gerstner. Prior to the reorganization, IBM had at its core 13 semiautonomous business units, each of which could develop its own independent business strategy with a concomitant marketing communications strategy. These businesses overlapped and inherent in the mix were potential communications conflicts. Under Gerstner, the 13 units were reintegrated into a more cohesive whole. The strategy emphasized the integration of the units and the key role IBM played in technology around the world, while reinforcing the heritage of the company. Central to the implementation of the new worldwide strategy was the global articulation of this vision in a single voice. â€Å"Solutions for a Small Planet† The first step taken by IBM to project a single brand identity around the world was the launching of a new advertising campaign in January 1995 with a contemporary tone known as â€Å"Subtitles. The goal of the campaign was to communicate the message that IBM delivers solutions that are simple and powerful enough to manage information anywhere, anytime, and for anyone. The tagline for the campaign was â€Å"Solutions for a Small Planet. † It originated from a focus group in Paris where a participant made the observation that: â€Å"It’s as if technology is making the world smaller and bringing everyone closer together because we all share the same problems. † The commercials developed for the campaign used the same imagery but were varied for each country by the use of subtitles in the local language. The campaign targeted â€Å"C-level† executives, such as CEOs, CIOs, and CFOs, rather than the previous target audience of procurement and information technology executives. The goal of the advertising was to convey that IBM was capable of solving business problems, not just hardware and software issues. The campaign was effective in communicating that technology affects even average people around the world and IBM is there with solutions for smaller as well as larger, more complex technology needs. This new campaign was in line with Lou Gerstner’s strategic vision for the company which was for IBM to be recognized as â€Å"a provider of solutions. † The campaign also communicated an important message that IBM remained vigorous, innovative, and a purveyor of technology and solutions while retaining its latent strengths of global scope, leadership, and reliability. Several of the print ads from the â€Å"Solutions for a Small Planet† campaign as well as a photo board of the â€Å"Nuns† TV commercial are shown in the power point file that accompanies the case. While the â€Å"Subtitles† campaign was a step in the right direction, IBM needed to go further creatively by showing prospective customers that the company was hip to new technologies, understood their needs and issues, and had the solutions to make a difference. Key to developing this kind of advertising was the need to build a creative group that had a deep understanding of business and technology issues. In 1997, IBM published a 3,000-word manifesto in The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, using copy written in business terms a CEO or CIO would use, rather than tech-heavy terminology. It illustrated to potential customers that IBM understood their business, spoke their language and had the expertise to help them solve their problems so they could perform better. The photography was very â€Å"street level,† providing the perspective that IBM was out of the ivory tower and in the trenches working with its clients to help them solve their business problems. The â€Å"E-business† Campaign The â€Å"Subtitles† campaign had one of the most successful runs of any image-oriented advertising campaign ever done by IBM. However, by the late ‘90s, the Internet was growing as more companies were using it to conduct business and IBM was working with them to support their electronic business processes such as advertising, merchandising, inventory management, order fulfillment and customer service. Thus, IBM decided to position itself as the most comprehensive provider of end-to-end solutions for e-business. This led to the introduction of the â€Å"e-business campaign,† which had several sub-campaigns to support different pieces of IBM’s business. These included e-culture† which focused on helping companies adapt to doing business on the web, â€Å"e-business people† which focused on IBM’s global consulting services and â€Å"e-business tools† which included IBM’s products such as the ThinkPad personal computer and servers. The umbrella campaign recast all IBM communications in relation to doing business online and helped the company come to own the â€Å"e-business† label. The campaign was give a contemporary look by producing television spots in black and white with a horizontal, oblong frame that created a screen with movie-type dimensions. The visual was framed in IBM’s blue logo color, which evoked the brand’s longtime equity, but at the same time, portrayed IBM in a fresh, new way. The spots were â€Å"slice of business† scenes in which business people experienced technology problems that IBM was able to solve. The commercials were witty and displayed a sense of humor (traits that were not previously associated with IBM), thereby projecting a much hipper, â€Å"with it†, and in-tune image onto the brand. A female voice-over was used, which was another symbolic departure from its previous staid imagery, and different from most other business technology advertising. The print ads were also done in black and white with only the @ appearing in color (red). As part of the E-business campaign, IBM utilized testimonials around the theme of â€Å"XYZ Company is an IBM e-business. † Large, well-known firms such as Mercedes Benz and Motorola, as well as others that were smaller and less known, were featured in the testimonials. A pool of print ads, illustrating the diversity of e-business customers, appeared in magazines, wild postings, outdoor billboards, and at airports. The campaign communicated the message that IBM worked with companies of all sizes across a wide range of industries and its broad expertise made them the most knowledgeable advisers for almost any business. Companies started approaching IBM asking to be included in the campaign as being portrayed as an â€Å"e-business† enhanced the way they were perceived by their customers. Great synergy accrued to IBM from putting all their communications behind a unified and relevant message. At the end of 1998, IBM did something formerly unheard of in newspaper advertising. Ogilvy Mather created a 32-page color insert on heavy stock paper with a compilation of the e-business print executions. It included some surprising new content sprinkled throughout to create interest, a specific explanation of what e-business was all about, and a call to action for those interested in finding out more about IBM solutions for e-business. The timing for the campaign was right, as e-commerce and all things â€Å"e† were starting to explode. Moreover, IBM’s association of e-business with their brand in a big way at the outset of this explosion resulted in the company pre-emptively owning the term. Chris Wall of Ogilvy Mather noted that: â€Å"The effect of this simple decision was that IBM became one of the definers of how the world would talk about internet-based business, and this became a competitive advantage. By association, IBM became known as being at the forefront of developing ideas and recognizing technology trends: in short, it became a brand that â€Å"got it†. Prior to this campaign, IBM was constantly in the position of living down their â€Å"stodgy† past, making it harder to compete against Microsoft and other hot, young tech brands. But after e-business, IBM became one of the leaders of the pack. The crash of the dot-coms made everyone skeptical of 20 something change-architects. † IBM’s combination of steadfastness, depth, and its new, hipper, more cutting edge, and more â€Å"in the trenches,† image helped the company once again be viewed as a stalwart, in contrast to so many other fly-by-night high tech operations. Within 18 months of running the e-business campaign, the IBM brand had turned the corner and was on its way back up. In 1998 IBM’s sales topped $80 billion for the first time ever and earnings were $6. billion. Even more impressive was the growth in IBM’s stock price which had risen from a low of $41 in the dark days of early 1993 to nearly $125 by the summer of 1999. Fortune ran another cover story on IBM in 1999. However, this time the headline read â€Å"From Dinosaur to e-business animal. † The â€Å"ON Demand† Campaign The â€Å"e-business† campaign ran for several years and was followed by â€Å"ON Demand,† which was the first advertising campaign under Samuel Palmisano, IBM’s new Chief Executive who took over the leadership of the company when Lou Gerstner retired in 2002. Palmisano’s vision was to transform IBM by dramatically increasing its focus on the fast-growing Business Services market. Palmisano accelerated the shift in focus from â€Å"component value† (PCs and machines) to business value which involved providing end-to-end integrated solutions. This expanded vision of â€Å"ON Demand† business was based on the idea of how the world would work when businesses were fully wired with broadband, all systems were integrated, consumers had infinite choice, trends happened faster, companies provided better service and were more responsive to customer needs and business opportunities on a global scale. Richard Ryan, of Ogilvy Mather, noted that: â€Å"At its simplest level, ON is about getting your company to run better. ON means your company runs like clockwork. Business is smoother. Life is good. But people have heard all that before, so our first step was to create customer testimonials – China is ON, Napster is ON- to let people know that ON Demand is real and making a difference right now. Other executions-Fighting cancer is ON. Flying Phones are ON-speak to innovation and strategic expertise. Long copy executions let us get to the meat and potatoes of specific business issues. ON works across all of IBM’s product divisions. It’s a rallying cry for IBM’s 300,000 employees. It’s the marketing spearhead for Sam Palmisano’s vision. † Being ON means you’re responsive and flexible. It means being on your game: on budget, on track, on schedule. We wanted people to associate IBM with that new, ON Demand way of doing business. † Deirdre Bigley, Vice President, Worldwide Advertising Interactive at IBM noted that â€Å"while ‘e-business’ was all about e-commerce and the Internet, ON Demand was all about the technology and movements such as supply chain optimization. The red ON button used in the ads, combined with the words DEMAND BUSINESS became the brand signature in all marketing materials. The slogan also became the rallying cry for all company divisions that cross-sell various IBM’s products and services in an attempt to improve their customers’ business performance. All of IBMâ⠂¬â„¢s sales representatives from its server division, to software, to outsourcing – were selling the on-demand concept along with their own products. ON Demand’s task was to drive the development of all of IBM’s software and hardware, to make them capable of mixing with and managing applications from other vendors. Over time, IBM began to define themselves less and less through their specific hardware and software products, and more as a total business solutions company in which consulting services was the key part of the â€Å"3-legged stool† and a means to sell the company’s hardware and software. E-business was all about the Internet and became too limiting for IBM as the they needed to broaden their positioning. An IBM executive noted: â€Å"Business automation has blurred the customary demarcation between business and information technology, put IT at the heart of corporate strategy, and elevated the understanding of the possibilities. As a result, companies increasingly look for partners who can skillfully combine business insight with technology expertise. † IBM purchased the consulting firm Price Waterhouse Coopers in 2002 to enhance their expertise in consulting services, their credibility, and to increase their client base. IBM felt it was now uniquely positioned to provide the combination of IT and business consulting expertise that firms of nearly every size and in virtually every industry need in order to grow market share and revenue. They believed that no other firm in the world could deliver better on the combination of IT and business consulting to companies all over the world. As Wall Street analyst, David Cearley described it: â€Å"IBM is morphing from a computer company into a business expert, selling well-connected experts. IBM is changing its definition from International Business Machines, to international business models. † A major challenge for Ogilvy Mather in evolving the advertising for IBM was communicating the expanding scope of what the IBM brand stands for and the breadth of its business. The creative group had been given the task of describing IBM’s offerings in a way that sounds proprietary, but at the same time was understandable, to an ever-larger group of business professionals. With the acquisition of Price Waterhouse Coopers and the increased focus on business services consulting, IBM no longer was targeting primarily IT users. Rather it was marketing a broad line of products and services to top-level decision makers at companies and organizations of all sizes. â€Å"The Other IBM† and â€Å"Help Desk† Campaigns Since its inception, the name IBM has signified technology. However as the information technology consulting industry matured and web services were being built on open standards, organizations were shifting their definition of business value to include processes and enterprise optimization. In analyzing this new trend, IBM found itself faced with one of the biggest opportunities in its history: the $1. 2 trillion Business Process Transformation Services (BPTS) market. Demand for BPTS had escalated as companies increasingly realized the value of teaming with a strategic partner to help redesign their functions and processes to become more profitable, efficient and competitive. In 2005, IBM set upon a mission to position itself as the leader of the BPTS market by increasing awareness of and consideration for its capabilities in this area to senior business executives. IBM looked to Ogilvy Mather to develop an integrated marketing communications campaign to help establish awareness, credibility, and ultimately preference for IBM as a provider of business consulting services. Achieving this objective was not an easy task as it required maintaining IBM’s equity of superior technology and adding to it an equally strong perception that IBM offers superior business consulting services as well. Chris Wall noted that â€Å"IBM has a strong heritage as a technology company. A lot of people don’t realize they also do business consulting and not just technology consulting. † Thus, a major challenge for the IMC campaign was to get C-level executives to recognize that there is another â€Å"side† to IBM that provides business transformation services. In April 2005 a campaign was launched using the tagline â€Å"The Other IBM† which was designed to position the company as a provider of business consulting services and communicate its expertise in areas not typically associated with IBM. The creative used in the television commercials for the new campaign used imagery that alternated between scenes of King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table wrangling with age-old business problems with counterparts at a contemporary business conference table doing the same. The metaphor of Sir Arthur’s Business Roundtable allowed for real issues to be discussed in a manner that was both informative and entertaining and to show how IBM Business Consulting could help businesses solve problems in specific areas. â€Å"The Other IBM† campaign was unveiled during television coverage of the Masters Golf Tournament on CBS. The Masters was the ideal platform for the launch due to the large number of senior business executives tuning in for the event. Also, since the Masters only allowed advertising from three sponsors, IBM was able to deliver its message with high frequency and without the clutter that typically hinders breakthrough during normal programming. The TV launch was followed by an eight-page manifesto in The Wall Street Journal which was used to set the premise of â€Å"The Other IBM† and define it in the context of business consulting services. Additional print executions were used to elaborate on the King Arthur metaphor as well as to focus on specific areas in the BPTS such as human resources, finance and accounting, supply chain and procurement, sales and marketing, and strategy and change management. All of the advertising directed prospects to a micro web site where users could explore content in areas such as leadership and innovation, learn more about IBM’s specific capabilities in functional areas, read case studies and locate additional contact information. In addition to advertising promoting â€Å"The Other IBM†, another integrated campaign called â€Å"Help Desk† was run concurrently to show how IBM’s on demand computing solves real problems and touches real people. The first phase of the integrated campaign focused on how IBM helps the world at large, while the second phase focused on more industry and customer-specific solutions. To underscore IBM’s ability to deliver value-added services to a customer, the advertising used the quick-problem solution metaphor of a â€Å"help desk† across television, print and online executions. For example, in the TV spots, the â€Å"help desk† appears in improbable places such as a golf course where a group of scientists needs help after its solar-powered golf cart runs amok or in the middle of a busy freeway where a motorcycle policeman stops to learn how IBM can assist with traffic control. The print ads featured beautiful photographs of landscapes with stylized help desk stickers attached to show a problem-solution scenario. The online execution used an interactive component featuring a large white room with classical columns where visitors would encounter a number of industry-specific scenarios for which the IBM help desk representative devised a solution. The â€Å"Help Desk† campaign received a â€Å"BtoB Best Award† from BtoB magazine, a leading trade publication, as the outstanding integrated business-to-business campaign of 2005. The â€Å"Innovation That Matters† Campaign IBM was pleased with the results from â€Å"The Other IBM† and â€Å"Help Desk† campaigns as they demonstrated the company’s expertise in the area of Business Consulting Services and gained credibility for IBM among business executives without negatively impacting its strong technology heritage. However, in March 2006 the advertising moved in a new direction with the launch of the â€Å"Innovation That Matters† campaign that is designed to position IBM as a means for companies to significantly change how they do business when seeking ways to grow. The campaign was developed in response to a major research study IBM had conducted which showed that after years of retrenchment, corporations were embracing change and planned to radically transform themselves over the next several years. The new campaign uses the tagline â€Å"What makes you special? † and its objective is to start a business conversation and to open the door to exploring how IBM can help individual companies innovate, capitalize on their inherent strengths and redefine their business processes to differentiate themselves versus their competitors. The value proposition is that IBM can help companies innovate by changing their processes and technology. The advertising features companies that have developed new ways of doing business with IBM’s help and how this has given them a competitive advantage. The â€Å"What makes you special? † message also communicates customization and that there is no one size fits all prescription, as solutions are based on each firm’s unique capabilities and possibilities. The creative used for the campaign is very different from previous IBM ads and from other high tech, business-to-business advertising. It uses bold, saturated colors and simple images from everyday life (a radish, a pill, a car, a house) in a two-page print spread. The layout shows an item by itself on the left page of the spread and a â€Å"special† item on the right so that readers are drawn in to find out what’s special about it. Rather than using â€Å"high-tech† language, the copy describes business applications in terms that are relatively easy to understand. The choice of lower case letters in the headlines and tagline conveys a lack of pretension and shows that IBM wants to communicate that discussions with clients will be â€Å"down-to-earth† and not intimidating. Above all, the campaign speaks to customizing business solutions and improving processes based on the uniqueness of each individual firm. The message is that with the combination of IBM’s unparalleled consulting and technology expertise, customers can leverage their capabilities and strengths to gain a competitive advantage in their industries. IBM launched the new campaign, as they did with others by running a multi-page manifesto in The Wall Street Journal, the print media vehicle with the highest reach among C-level executives. The newspaper advertising broke a few days before the TV ads, which began airing the following weekend, and magazine ads appeared two to three weeks later. Additional eight page manifestos were run to allow IBM to explain the new campaign more completely and also provide examples of how their products and services apply to a range of different size companies and different industries. The television commercials for the new campaign include a spot called â€Å"Anthem† in which flower petals seem to inspire groups of men and women to sing along with an obscure song by the Kinks, â€Å"I’m not like everybody else,† that speaks to the new positioning. The spot ends with a series of questions that appear on the screen in white type such as â€Å"What makes you different? What makes you unique? What makes you special? † Another spot takes a fairy tale approach by showing a stream of office plants fleeing commoditized companies after realizing that they will only be watered at companies that are growing. In addition to television and print advertising, the global campaign includes 15 out-of-home executions, a dedicated web site (www. ibm. com/innovation), Internet banner ads and huge decals placed on the tarmacs of two Manhattan helipads which Chris Wall describes as â€Å"metaphorical illustrations† designed to target corporate decision makers. The goal for the integrated campaign is to convey a sense of imagination and possibility as well as to communicate IBM’s ability to help companies do special things. Internet Marketing As with most high tech marketers of business-to-business products and services, the Internet is an ideal, cost-effective, targeted marketing tool used by IBM to help identify prospects and provide information about its products and services. IBM’s website is designed to move prospects through the buying cycle from generating awareness and initial interest, to providing information such as case studies and testimonials, to converting interest into a purchase decision. Some of the online tools IBM uses include webcasts, podcasts, virtual meetings, and sending customized e-mails, as well as e-catalogs, and e-newsletters. Interested customers opt-in to receive relevant information. IBM’s website includes in-depth articles, reports written by technology experts, blogs from people inside and outside the company and press releases. Topics covered include the range of IBM products, services and business processes that can be improved or transformed, such as innovation, growth, operations, customer loyalty, team performance, and corporate governance. The products and services IBM provides that relate to each topic are elaborated on in the site. Great care has gone into developing a site that is easy to navigate so customers can focus on areas of interest or where they are most likely to be seeking help. Prospects answer questions online to provide IBM’s salespeople with data and information that can be used to address each customer’s specific needs. IBM’s internet marketing also includes paid search for keywords that relate to specific topics and issues of relevance to their customers on search engines such as Google, Yahoo! nd MSN. IBM also has developed web sites to support its integrated marketing communications campaigns which have included making commercials available for viewing by visitors to the site as well as relevant case studies and testimonials. For example the web site created to support the â€Å"Innovation That Matters† campaign included a section where visitors could view commercials, a Global CEO Study that could be downloaded, and a report on IBM’s Global Innovation Outlook. Moving Forward The transformation of IBM from a computer hardware company to a services and business solutions provider is one of the great comeback stories in the history of corporate America. In 2005 IBM had more than $91 billion in sales and a profit of nearly $8 billion. In the 2006 Interbrand Study, IBM ranked was ranked as the third most valuable brand in the world with an estimated brand value of over $56 billion. CEO Palmisano notes that IBM is not defending the past anymore as the company is off and running into a new world of business, beyond computers. In January 2005 IBM announced that was selling its personal computer business, best known for its ThinkPad lap tops, to Lenovo which is the leading computer company in China. The sale of its personal computer business was part of IBM’s strategy to move away from the confines of the slow-growing and highly competitive computer industry and to continue to transform itself into a company that helps other firms run their business in areas such as accounting, human resources, procurement and customer service. In the process of doing so, however, IBM and Ogilvy Mather have successfully balanced the company’s brand heritage as it has undergone changes in its business strategy. IBM is not saying good bye to its image as â€Å"Big Blue. † However the image of IBM has evolved and the brand clearly stands for much more than mainframe computers. Examples of IBM’s advertising from the campaigns are available in the Power Point file that accompanies the case. Discussion Questions 1. What is the primary objective of IBM’s advertising? How have the objectives of its advertising changed over the years? Evaluate each of the campaigns described in the case and the accompanying ads shown in the Power Point file. Are the intended branding messages being communicated clearly and do the ads speak equally well to users, as well as non-users, of IBM products and services? 3. What were the pros and cons of staying with the â€Å"e-business† campaign? Could it have been updated and retained or did it lose it relevance? 4. How was the â€Å"ON Demand† campaign adapted to keep the umbrella tagline while providing the specifics needed to communicate the â€Å"sub-business† component details? Do you think IBM’s advertising campaigns changed too often over the past 11 years? Were the changes made because the campaigns were not working well or was it an intentional evolution in the advertising and branding message IBM wanted to communicate? 6. Is there value to business-to-business marketers such as IBM in advertising through mass media that also reach the general consumer market? Evaluate the media choices used by IBM such as advertising on golf tournaments, on Sunday morning news shows, in airports, and even on the Super Bowl. Since IBM divested its personnel computer business, should they continue to advertise in mass media, such as on the Super Bowl? 7. How has the target audience for IBM’s products and services evolved over time? How have the type of business problems that IBM addresses in their advertising changed? 8. What were the advantages and disadvantages of using a creative tactic such as the metaphorical King Arthur’s Round Table commercial and print ads that were part of â€Å"The Other IBM† campaign? What is the value of using testimonials or mini-case studies across a variety of business and industries in IBM’s integrated marketing communications campaigns? 10. Does IBM’s advertising provide enough information to decision makers and does it matter that no reference to the prices of its products and/or services are made in the ads? 11. Evaluate the decision by IBM to consolidate all of its worldwide advertising with the Ogilvy Mather agency. What are the pros and cons of using one agency to handle all of its advertising?

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that most commonly replicate by the asexual process of binary fission. These microbes reproduce rapidly at an exponential rate under favorable conditions. When grown in culture, a predictable pattern of growth in a bacterial population occurs. This pattern can be graphically represented as the number of living cells in a population over time and is known as a bacterial growth curve. Bacterial growth cycles in a growth curve consist of four phases: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death. Key Takeaways: Bacterial Growth Curve The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time.There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.The initial phase is the lag phase where bacteria are metabolically active but not dividing.The exponential or log phase is a time of exponential growth.In the stationary phase, growth reaches a plateau as the number of dying cells equals the number of dividing cells.The death phase is characterized by an exponential decrease in the number of living cells. Bacteria require certain conditions for growth, and these conditions are not the same for all bacteria. Factors such as oxygen, pH, temperature, and light influence microbial growth. Additional factors include osmotic pressure, atmospheric pressure, and moisture availability. A bacterial populations generation time, or time it takes for a population to double, varies between species and depends on how well growth requirements are met. Phases of the Bacterial Growth Cycle The bacterial growth curve represents the number of living cells in a population over time. Michal Komorniczak/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 In nature, bacteria do not experience perfect environmental conditions for growth. As such, the species that populate an environment change over time. In a laboratory, however, optimal conditions can be met by growing bacteria in a closed culture environment. It is under these conditions that the curve pattern of bacterial growth can be observed. The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. Lag Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. A small group of cells are placed in a nutrient rich medium that allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication. These cells increase in size, but no cell division occurs in the phase.Exponential (Log) Phase: After the lag phase, bacterial cells enter the exponential or log phase. This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time. Metabolic activity is high as DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other substances necessary for growth are generated for division. It is in this growth phase that antibiotics and disinfectants are most effective as these substances typically target bacteria cell walls or the protein synthesis processes of DNA transcription and RNA translation.Stationary Phase: Eventually, the population growth experienced in the log phase begins to decline as the available nutrients become depl eted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells. This results in no overall population growth. Under the less favorable conditions, competition for nutrients increases and the cells become less metabolically active. Spore forming bacteria produce endospores in this phase and pathogenic bacteria begin to generate substances (virulence factors) that help them survive harsh conditions and consequently cause disease. Death Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. In the death phase, the number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline. As dying cells lyse or break open, they spill their contents into the environment making these nutrients available to other bacteria. This helps spore producing bacteria to survive long enough for spore production. Spores are able to survive the harsh conditions of the death phase and become growing bacteria when placed in an environment that supports life. Bacterial Growth and Oxygen Campylobacter jejuni, shown here, is a microaerophilic organism requiring reduced levels of oxygen. C. jejuni is the bacterium which causes gastroenteritis. Henrik Sorensen/The Image Bank/Getty Images Bacteria, like all living organisms, require an environment that is suitable for growth. This environment must meet several different factors that support bacterial growth. Such factors include oxygen, pH, temperature, and light requirements. Each of these factors may be different for different bacteria and limit the types of microbes that populate a particular environment. Bacteria can be categorized based on their oxygen requirement or tolerance levels. Bacteria that can not survive without oxygen are known as obligate aerobes. These microbes are dependent upon oxygen, as they convert oxygen to energy during cellular respiration. Unlike bacteria that require oxygen, other bacteria can not live in its presence. These microbes are called obligate anaerobes and their metabolic processes for energy production are halted in the presence of oxygen. Other bacteria are facultative anaerobes and can grow with or without oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, they utilize either fermentation or anaerobic respiration for energy production. Aerotolerant anerobes utilize anaerobic respiration but are not harmed in the presence of oxygen. Microaerophilic bacteria require oxygen but only grow where oxygen concentration levels are low. Campylobacter jejuni is an example of a microaerophilic bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of animals and is a major cause of foodborne illness in humans. Bacterial Growth and pH Helicobacter pylori are microaerophilic bacteria found in the stomach. They are neutrophiles that secrete an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Science Picture Co/Getty Images Another important factor for bacterial growth is pH. Acidic environments have pH values that are less that 7, neutral environments have values at or near 7, and basic environments have pH values greater than 7. Bacteria that are acidophiles thrive in areas where the pH is less than 5, with an optimal growth value close to a pH of 3. These microbes can be found in locations such as hot springs and in the human body in acidic areas such as the vagina. The majority of bacteria are neutrophiles and grow best in sites with pH values close to 7. Helicobacter pylori is an example of a neutrophile that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. This bacterium survives by secreting an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid in the surrounding area. Alkaliphiles grow optimally at pH ranges between 8 and 10. These microbes thrive in basic environments such as alkaline soils and lakes. Bacterial Growth and Temperature New Zealands Champagne Pool is a hot spring that contains a community of thermophilic and acidophilic microorganisms whose distribution relates to the temperature and chemical environment. Simon Hardenne/Biosphoto/Getty Images Temperature is another important factor for bacterial growth. Bacteria that grow best in cooler environments are called psycrophiles. These microbes prefer temperatures ranging between 4 °C and 25 °C (39 °F and 77 °F). Extreme psycrophiles thrive in temperatures below 0 °C/32 °F and can be found in places such as arctic lakes and deep ocean waters. Bacteria that thrive in moderate temperatures (20-45 °C/68-113 °F) are called mesophiles. These include bacteria that are part of the human microbiome which experience optimum growth at or near body temperature (37 °C/98.6 °F). Thermophiles grow best in hot temperatures (50-80 °C/122-176 °F) and can be found in hot springs and geothermal soils. Bacteria that favor extremely hot temperatures (80 °C-110 °C/122-230 °F) are called hyperthermophiles. Bacterial Growth and Light Cyanobacteria (blue) are photosynthesizing bacteria that are found in most habitats where water is present. Several spores (pink) are also seen. Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Some bacteria require light for growth. These microbes have light-capturing pigments that are able to gather light energy at certain wavelengths and convert it to chemical energy. Cyanobacteria are examples of photoautotrophs that require light for photosynthesis. These microbes contain the pigment chlorophyll for light absorption and oxygen production through photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria live in both land and aquatic environments and can also exist as phytoplankton living in symbiotic relationships with fungi (lichen), protists, and plants.   Other bacteria, such as purple and green bacteria, do not produce oxygen and utilize sulfide or sulfur for photosynthesis. These bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll, a pigment capable of absorbing shorter wavelengths of light than chlorophyll. Purple and green bacteria inhabit deep aquatic zones. Sources Jurtshuk, Peter. Bacterial Metabolism. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/. Parker, Nina, et al. Microbiology. OpenStax, Rice University, 2017.Preiss, et al. Alkaliphilic Bacteria with Impact on Industrial Applications, Concepts of Early Life Forms, and Bioenergetics of ATP Synthesis. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Frontiers, 10 May 2015, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00075/full.

Find legal arguments to have ECB exempted from the PSI Essay

Find legal arguments to have ECB exempted from the PSI - Essay Example In response to these, different bodies create liaisons in a bid to address these emergent challenges with ease. One of the most common options for countries and firms has been the creation of alliances. In this respect, countries or corporate bodies with common economic and social interests form groupings and develop viable policies to govern their operations. With the characteristic conditions, they create an environment that is supportive of economic growth and development. For instance, they provide better and mutually benefiting trade terms and conditions amongst others. To a great extent, this has been instrumental in cushioning them against the negative effects that stem from the aforementioned dynamic trends. Recent economic trends ascertain that the entire globe has been affected by incidences of inflation. One of the strategies that most countries, states and corporate entities have assumed to curb this pertains to financial borrowing. In this regard, it is worth appreciatin g that countries whose economies are directly influenced and controlled by the larger global economy cannot be financially independent. Put differently, their financial decisions are directly informed by the global trends. Fundamentally, nation states share intricate and augmenting relationships and due to the effects of globalization, they cannot operate singly. This can be used to explain why most countries suffer when the global economy is affected in any way. In such instances, economic instruments such as local banks, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and so forth offer the financial help accordingly. It is against this background that this paper explores the legal arguments that would enable the European Central Bank (ECB) to be exempted from the Public sector Involvement (PSI) debt. To ensure a harmonic consideration, it begins by presenting the history of the problem, role of PSI and the responsibility of ECB in the relative debt. Historical Underpinning From a general point of view, the Euro zone is currently grappling with sovereign debt crisis. Statistical evidence indicates that various countries including Portugal, Ireland and Greece have been adversely affected this1. In particular, their debts are very high and therefore potentially unsustainable. With particular reference to Greece, the buildup of its debt in the 2000s was influenced by increased investor confidence as well as its easy access to very cheap capital. The subsequent competitiveness presented various financial challenges that made it difficult for the country to maintain a positive economic growth2. This was further compounded by the global financial crisis that occurred between 2008 and 2008. In essence, it increased the borrowing costs of the country to unsustainable levels. Various policy interventions have been undertaken by different stakeholders to address this problem. The European Central Bank, European Union and the International Monetary Fund have all contri buted directly to this good. In this respect, they all agreed that Greek’s possible default could have lasting negative impacts to the entire global financial market. They proposed the first financial aid package in 2010. Nonetheless, Haldane, Penalver, Saporta and Chin argue that this did not yield any beneficial outcomes3. The financial stability of the

Cross-Cultural Awareness Respond to question Essay - 1

Cross-Cultural Awareness Respond to question - Essay Example adership’ in their areas of expertise.  Both the leaderships of various organizations and the workforce having little influence anticipate free flow of information through participatory communication. At 80 China occupies a higher ranking on the PDI scale. The society believes that social and economic disparities amongst people are normal. The relationship between subordinates and their seniors seems to be ineffective and thus the society is prone to misuse of authority by the high and mighty. Individuals tend to honor formal leadership and orders and are usually upbeat about people’s competence for management initiatives. Chinese believe people should restrain their ambitions to their current position, especially in the corporate world. According to Adler (2008), individualism primarily connotes the level of interdependence amongst members of a society. It involves whether people refer to themselves individually or collectively. In an Individualist system, people are expected to look after themselves and their nearest and dearest only. Collectivist societies on the other hand witness people organize themselves in groups that fulfill their interests in exchange for allegiance. The United States scores 91 on this measure. This means the American culture is highly individualistic. Adler (2008) avers that the American culture is loosely-knit, and as a result people take care of themselves and those who are close to them. Americans have a high affinity to covering large distances and doing business with members of different cultures. In the corporate world, employees tend to be their own bosses, especially in their various capacities or areas of expertise. Good work eventually may earn them promotion. At 20, China is a highly communalist society where decisions are made by groups rather than individuals. In the group scenario, employee hiring and job promotions tend to be based on family and friendship ties.   Employees tend to be less committed to the

The Importance of Feedback Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Feedback Essay Feedback is a response to an action. It is essentially an expression of the effect of a person’s behavior on other people. As such, it is a form of communication. In a business organization, feedback is a way of telling a worker how his or her action has affected a coworker, the work team where he or she belongs, the organization as a whole, or the clients of the organization. ((Heathfield, 2007) Perceived from the point of view of the initiator of the action, feedback could be an instrument of learning. It enables him or her to find out how his or her behavior has affected other people. It could then serve as a basis for future action. An individual who gracefully accepts a feedback develops a better self-awareness thereby affording him or her with an opportunity for improvement. (Center for Learning and Teaching, 2003) Feedback could either be constructive or destructive. Johns Hopkins Medicine (2002) maintains that when one consciously provides a constructive feedback, he or she gives it hoping to help a coworker but when a destructive feedback is purposely given, it is done so to willfully hurt the feelings of a coworker. However, giving a feedback, whether constructive or destructive, is not always done on purpose. A person providing the feedback could unconsciously give a destructive one if he or she does not know how to properly communicate a feedback. Hence, there is a need to know how to give a feedback objectively. Organizations approach the problem differently and educators teach the method in various ways. However, the general drift appears to be that first, the feedback should be given promptly. People often misunderstand a feedback when given late already. Then the feedback should be concerned with a specific action, not focused on the character of the person who did the action. Third, the person giving the feedback should exhibit an apparent sincerity and honesty to help. Then it has to be consistent. A certain kind of feedback should be given to everybody, not just to a targeted few. (Heathfield, 2007) References Center for Learning and Teaching. (2003). Principles for Constructive Feedback. Retrieved August 25, 2007, from http://www. clt. soton. ac. uk/Events/Workshops/OPS/feedback. htm Heathfield, S. M. (2007). How To Provide Feedback That Has an Impact. Retrieved August 25, 2007, from http://humanresources. about. com/cs/communication/ht/Feedbackimpact. htm Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2002). Lesson 7: Feedback Can Create Positive Changes. Retrieved August 25, 2007, from http://www. hopkinsmedicine. org/service/resources/lesson7. html.

Sylvan Learning Systems Case Study Essay -- Education Tutoring Essays

Sylvan Learning Systems Case Study The Sylvan case study illustrates the challenges of building value and improving business performance through an acquisition and diversification strategy that did not coincide with the capabilities and competencies that originally built the Sylvan brand. Sylvan was founded by W. Berry Fowler in 1979 and during his six year tenure, Berry developed the franchise business model, training and educational programs, and teaching methodology that provided Sylvan with a competitive advantage in the education industry.1 Berry Fowler built his business strategy through an intimate understanding of customers needs and developed Sylvan’s core competencies around providing supplemental education designed to fill the educational gaps experienced by students. 1 Upon Berry’s departure, Sylvan’s new CEO, Douglas Becker, embarked on a corporate-level strategy of related diversification. However, this strategy did not successfully translate into financial economies between business es nor did it obtain significant market power through these additional levels of educational diversification.2 To that end, this case study will look more closely at Sylvan’s process of diversification and acquisition strategy, management’s leadership as Sylvan transitioned from their founder and the new course the organization charted to address additional challenges for the new millennium. W. Berry Fowler founded Sylvan Learning Center with an investment of $14,500 in 1979.1 As a former teacher and through his own experience of receiving tutoring help during college, Fowler hoped to prevent students falling short academically by filling the educational/learning gaps left by students’ primary educational provider.1 During his six year tenure, Fowler built Sylvan’s competitive advantage through its low cost franchise model, educational programs and teaching methodology. Of particular importance to the success of Sylvan Learning Centers (and sustained competitive advantage) was the ability to capitalize on the expertise and resources of local franchise owners (Fowler lacked the capital to expand on his own) and gain maximum benefit from knowledge they diffused throughout the organization.2 Additionally, through a focused strategy of augmenting K-12 educational services offered by the public school system, Sylvan was able to capitalize and to integrate their i... ...e activities and focus that were critical to the Sylvan’s earlier success (i.e. Sylvan Ventures). That being said, Sylvan’s recent split into two companies to allow better focus and better investment decisions is clearly a gigantic step in the right direction. The goal of this restructuring through down scoping was to reduce Sylvan’s level of diversification, to eliminate unrelated businesses that didn’t serve a strategic purpose, and to help top-level managers refocus on the core business.2 In the case for Laureate, Becker and his top management can solely focus on post-secondary education. For Educate, Inc, Chris Hoehn-Seric and his top-management can solely focus on the K-12 education market. With this focus, Educate, Inc and Laureate should marshal their resources to continue to define and mine opportunities in their respective segments of the fragmented educational market. References: 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashaye, Cotts, Gray, Perry, â€Å"Sylvan Learning Systems†, Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hoskisson, Hitt, Ireland, â€Å"Competing for Advantage†, Thomson Learning 2004. 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educate, Inc., http://www.educate-inc.com 4. Laureate Education, Inc., http://www.laureate-inc.com

Academic performance Essay

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Learning performance talks about how do the student is accomplishing his or her duties,responsibilities and studies. There are some factors that determine the status and the rate of students. Learning performanceis what you have shown you can do in a certain subject. Ability is a talent,skills or proficiency in a particular area. It is what you can do, given ideal circumtance.You can think of it as being internal and hidden untilyou show what what you can do with your performance. Performance is the execution of an action,something accomplished. It is external and what people see. For example,someone that freaks out when they have graded recitation may bomb it and have poor performance, even though they knew the material and had the ability to do the graded recitation if they hadn’t been so nervous. The term â€Å"Learning† is given a range of meaning. In everyday talk, media and television it is rarely used. When it is, it usually implies â€Å"being taught†. In the world of education learning may be used a lot, but on closer inspection the term can be standing in for distinctly different processes such as teaching, producing,performing according to certain criteria, and so on. And in classroom it is rarely heard. Learning achievement or learning performance is the outcome of education, the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has acchieved their education goals. Learning achievement is commonly measured by examinations or continuous assesment but there is no general agreement on how it is best tested on which aspect are most impotant procedural knowledge such as skills or declarative knowledge such as facts. Learning performance refers to how student deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers. It is the ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate your knowledge verbally or down on paper. *According to researh,a review of devlopments across the 20th century highlighted that learning is now seen as change in knowledge occuring through a process of knowledge construction in which the social context of learning is important 1.Learner differences and contextual differences are both shown to be influential. Studies of the social context of learning have helped us see that understanding is a shared phenomenon that learning may usefully be seen as joining a knowledge community, and that much learning remains very  specific to the social situation in which it was originally learned2. In every school and every classroom, views of learning are present, even if they remain implicit. The long standing culture of classroom is : teaching is telling, learning is listening. Knowledge is subject matter taught by teachers and found in books3.This does not accord with evidence from research. But it will inhabit classroom life unless there is clear action to counter it. And there is important research showing that classroom can create a better view.In the meaning held by learners themselves, views of learning have become a key focus of research. Studies of adult students have identified a range of learning: Increasing one’s knowledge memorizing and reproducing applying, general rules to particulars understanding, making sense changing the peson4 Effective learners are likely to have a rich conception of learning, along with strengths in what researchers have identified as metacognition, self-monitoring and self-regulation. There are several thing that effect the learning performance of the office administration student. First is financial problem wherein the students are financial capable in supporting their studies and needs. The student don’t have enough money to pay their tuition fees, school projects, photo copies, assignment, and other needs in school.Second is family problems. Family has a big part in students life. It affects their learning performance to catch up the lessons according to their daily lives. Crisis in family is one of the major problem why does the students fail to focus or give their 100% to understand the lessons. Then time management. Most of the students are having difficulties in dividing their time of their academic and non-academic activities, rackets or partime job. This may result to the student a bad performance in school. There times that they missed the classes because of their partime job and other activities.Followed by the student habits, some of tha students don’t read their books and lectures after school hours and didn’t listen in class discuccion because of inproper used of gadgets like cellphones, tablets and ipads so they didn’t understand much the lessons. Next is the student discipline. Some of the students didn’t obey the school policies, rules and  regulations, educational norms and school traditions. Then problem with the professors. Some students don’t want to attend or don’t want to listen to their professors because he or she is boring so that the student become not interested in the lessons, also when the professors are ve ry terror and stressful the student’s vission they found it hard to give their full focus in learning because of the way their professors discipline them. Peer pressure. There are some students skip classes because their friends or classmates influence to just go to malls, playing computer games, drink alcoholic beveranges and other gimmics instead of attending classes. Romantic relationship. The students can’t concentrate studying because they keep on thinking about their problems. The latter sometimes didn’t attend class because of the heartache caused by their boyfriend or girlfriend. They didn’t know how to handle such situations that bring them to fail their subjects. Second to the last thing are facilities and equipments. Most of the equipment and facilities such as rooms, laboratories, chairs, typewritters and computers are not suitable or limited for the population we have in our university. The students can’t concentrate studying because of the noise outside the classroom that usually came from the school quadrangle. They may not acquire the actual knowledge and skills they need. Lastly is educational psychology. It is the study of how the student learnin educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and social psychology of schools as oganizations. Every individual has differences in learning. There are some students who easily underrstand the topic discussed inside the classroom and there are also students who can’t understand the lessons that easy as others can and the problem is they don’t even asking so they totally don’t know what are the lessons discussed. The study of learning performance is for better improvement f office management student performance gaining knowledge. It can enhance the self-esteem of the students to perform well. and enridh their studies. A focus on learning can enhance perfomance, whereas a focus on perfomance (alone) can depress performance. The effects of performance orientation include greater helplessness, reduced help-seeking, less strategy use, more maladaptive strategies and a greater focus on grade feedback. There is an increase strategic behaviour rather than learning behaviour, a focus on looking good rather than learning well, and a tendency  to perceive education as a process of jumping through hoops, rather than something more transferable and lasting. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This part presents the conceptual framework and problem analysis of the study. The main research question is the thing that are affecting the gaining knowledge performance of the students. Sub topic research question such as financial problems, family problems, time management, problem with the professors, peer pressure, study habits, romantic relationship, student discipline, facilities and equipment and educational psychology have been found to have an effect on student’s learning performance. It affects student learning performance in terms of time demanded and the psychological state they may cause.